Late effects of caffeine use on sleep of infants born prematurely / Efeitos tardios do uso de cafeína no sono de crianças nascidas prematuras

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether the therapeutic use of caffeine for premature newborns is associated with changes in sleep habits and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea in childhood. Methods: This is a cross-sectional single-center study in which the caretakers of 87 children aged 5-10 years, born full-term or preterm, treated or not with caffeine in the neonatal period, answered questionnaires to screen for obstructive sleep apnea (Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening Tool [PosaST]) and to characterize the sleep habits (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire [CSHQ]) of their children. ANOVA and linear regression tests were performed to verify possible differences between the groups. Results: Children born prematurely who were treated with caffeine woke up significantly later on weekdays than those born at term (09h±00h58 and 07h43±1h15, respectively, p=0.022) and had longer total daily sleep time also compared to those born at term (10h24±1h08 and 09h29±1h08, respectively, p<0.001). There was no significant difference between the three groups in overall PosaST and CSHQ scores. Conclusions: Caffeine use in the neonatal period did not impair sleep habits later in life and did not lead to increased obstructive sleep apnea scores in prematurely born children compared to those born at term.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se o uso terapêutico de cafeína para recém-nascidos prematuros se associa a alterações nos hábitos de sono e à presença de apneia obstrutiva do sono na infância. Métodos: Este é um estudo unicêntrico transversal no qual os responsáveis por 87 crianças com idades entre cinco e dez anos, nascidas a termo ou pré-termo e tratadas ou não com cafeína no período neonatal responderam a questionários para triagem de apneia obstrutiva do sono (Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening Tool - PosaST) e para a caracterização dos hábitos de sono (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire - CSHQ) de seus filhos. Foram realizados testes de variância (ANOVA) e de regressão linear para verificar possíveis diferenças entre os grupos. Resultados: As crianças nascidas prematuras que foram tratadas com cafeína acordaram significativamente mais tarde nos dias de semana do que as nascidas a termo (09h±00h58 e 07h43±1h15, respectivamente, p=0,022) e tiveram maior tempo total de sono diário também comparadas às nascidas a termo (10h24±1h08 e 09h29±1h08, respectivamente, p<0,001). Não houve diferença significativa entre os três grupos na pontuação geral dos questionários PosaST e CSHQ. Conclusões: O uso de cafeína no período neonatal não prejudicou tardiamente os hábitos de sono e não levou ao aumento dos escores de apneia obstrutiva do sono de crianças nascidas prematuras quando comparadas com crianças nascidas a termo.

Sobrepeso y obesidad en infancias de Bariloche, Argentina: más allá de la alimentación y la actividad física / Childhood overweight and obesity in Bariloche, Argentina: Beyond eating habits and physical activity

La incidencia de sobrepeso y obesidad es alarmante en el mundo. En Argentina son escasos los estudios multifactoriales a pesar de los altos índices de sobrepeso y obesidad en la población infantil (SOI). En este estudio evaluamos la prevalencia de SOI y sus factores de riesgo asociados desde una perspectiva multicausal: analizamos hábitos de sueño, uso de pantallas, estrés crónico en niños y sus cuidadores, problemas de relación social, alimentación y actividad física. De los 397 niños de primer y séptimo grado que completaron los cuestionarios, el 41 % presentó SOI. Los niños con obesidad mostraron realizar menos actividad física, tener un menor consumo de alimentos protectores, más riesgos de trastornos del sueño, mayores niveles de estrés crónico (tanto en los niños como en sus cuidadores) y mayor índice de rechazo entre pares. En la mayoría de los niños se encontró un uso generalizado de pantallas antes de acostarse. El presente estudio evidencia la diversidad de factores asociados a esta problemática y destaca la conveniencia de utilizar un enfoque multidimensional para abordar la obesidad en la infancia. Asimismo, los resultados de este trabajo sugieren la necesidad de considerar los hábitos de vida como estrategia preventiva y terapéutica para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad desde etapas tempranas.

The incidence of overweight and obesity is alarming worldwide. In Argentina, multifactorial studies are scarce despite the high rates of childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB). In this study we assessed the prevalence of childhood OW/OB and the associated risk factors from a multicausal perspective: we analyzed sleep habits, screen use, chronic stress in children and their caregivers, social relationship problems, eating habits, and physical activity. Of the 397 first and seventh graders who completed the questionnaires, 41% had childhood OW/OB. In children with obesity, a lower level of physical activity, a lower consumption of protective foods, a higher risk for sleep disorders, higher levels of chronic stress (in both children and their caregivers), and higher rates of peer rejection were observed. Widespread use of screens before bedtime was noted in most children. This study evidences the diversity of factors associated with childhood OW/OB and highlights the convenience of a multidimensional approach to address it. In addition, the results of this study suggest the need to consider lifestyle habits as a preventive and therapeutic strategy for the management of OW/OB from early stages.

Anxiety, sleep habits and executive function during the COVID-19 pandemic through parents' perception: a longitudinal study

Abstract The present study therefore aims to examine trait and state anxiety, sleep habits and executive functioning during 1 year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents through the lens of parents. Assessments were conducted at three different times: April 2020 (T1), October 2020 (T2) and October 2021 (T3). The main sample included 953 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years, and scales were used to assess anxiety (STAIC), sleep habits (BEARS) and executive functioning (BRIEF-2). The results showed that 6 months after the outbreak of the pandemic, state and trait anxiety, sleep disturbances and executive dysfunctions increased significantly. One and a half year later, trait anxiety and sleep disturbances have been maintained, while state anxiety and executive dysfunction have decreased their scores obtaining scores similar to those of April 2020. In conclusion, there has been a further decrease in children and adolescents' mental health since the beginning of the pandemic, and it seems to remain at the present time, such as trait anxiety as a part of the personality.

Atividade física, tempo de tela e duração de sono de adolescentes antes e durante a COVID-19 / Physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration of adolescents before and during COVID-19

O isolamento social associado à pandemia da COVID-19, incluindo o fechamento de escolas, impactou diretamente nos hábitos diários de adolescentes. Desta maneira, o presente estudo objetivou analisar o nível de atividade física, tempo de tela e duração de sono de adolescentes antes e durante a COVID-19. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo transversal, quantitativo, conduzido com 85 adolescentes com idades entre 14 a 18 anos, estudantes de um Instituto Federal. Os participantes responderam a questionários sociodemográfico, de nível de atividade física, tempo de tela e duração de sono. Os dados foram analisados por meio do Teste-T de Student pareado. O nível de significância adotado foi p<0,05. Os resultados revelaram que houve um aumento significativo na duração de sono nos dias de semana para meninas (p=0,001) e meninos (p=0,001) e no tempo de tela durante a pandemia para meninas (p=0,028) e meninos (p=0,004). Houve uma diminuição no nível de atividade física de meninas (p=0,025). Conclui-se que a pandemia da COVID-19, nos estudantes do Instituto Federal, aumentou a duração de sono e tempo de tela de adolescentes do sexo masculino e feminino, e diminuiu o nível de atividade física de meninas.

The social isolation associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, including school closures, directly impacted the daily habits of adolescents. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the level of physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration of adolescents before and during COVID-19. Therefore, a cross-sectional, quantitative study was carried out with 85 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, students at a Federal Institute. Participants answered questionnaires on sociodemographic data, physical activity level, screen time, and sleep duration. Data were analyzed using the paired Student's T-Test. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. The results revealed that there was a significant increase in sleep duration on weekdays for girls (p=0.001) and boys (p=0.001) and in screen time during the pandemic for girls (p=0.028) and boys (p= 0.004). There was a decrease in the level of physical activity of girls (p=0.025). It is concluded that, among the students at this Federal Institute, the COVID-19 pandemic increased the sleep duration and screen time of male and female adolescents and decreased the level of physical activity of girls.

The effects of gadget use on sleep quality among elementary students in grades 4-6 in a private school in Lucena City, Quezon Province

Objective@#The study aimed to determine whether prolonged gadget use will have an effect in the child's sleep quality. The study also aimed to ascertain if there is a significant relationship between the parameters of CSHQ and the average length of sleep, average length of gadget use, and frequency of gadget use.@*Design@#Descriptive research design was used, particularly the survey method. Simple random sampling was used.@*Setting@#Private school in Lucena City, Quezon Province.@*Participants@#Parents of Grades 4-6 students in a private schools in Lucena City. Sample size was computed at n=131.@*Results@#53.4% of the respondents were males, 29.8% of which are 11 year-old, grade 6 students (35.9%). The average length of sleep of most children was at 6-8 hours (57.3%), with an average length of gadget use at 5-10 hours daily (58%), 5-7x a week (61.8%). Weighted means computation showed that parents agreed to the positive statements of the CSHQ but key problems based on the CSHQ statements were identified upon further analysis. @*Conclusions@#With an a = 0.05, significant relationships were established between the parameters of the CSHQ and the average length of gadget use (p = 0.012615 < 0.05), as well as the frequency of gadget use (p = 0.000116 < 0.05). Generalization should be made with caution due to the small sample size and non-diversity of the samples. Recommendations are due to improved generalizability by increasing sample size and diversity of the samples.

Current status and influencing factors of sleep quality among adult residents in urban areas of Mianyang / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo investigate the current status of sleep quality among adult residents in urban areas of Mianyang， and to explore the influencing factors. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted on 126 adult residents from three communities in Mianyang. The selected individuals were assessed using self-made general information questionnaire， Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index （PSQI）， the sleep-hygiene awareness activities subsection and sleep-hygiene practice sections of Sleep Hygiene Awareness and Practice （SHAP）. Then the sleep quality among residents of different demographic characteristics， sleep-hygiene awareness activities and sleep-hygiene practices was compared， meantime， the influencing factors of sleep quality were screened via multiple linear regression model. ResultsThe PSQI score was （7.51±4.05） among urban adults in Mianyang. Correlation analysis yielded that the sleep-hygiene awareness score was positively correlated with the daytime dysfunction dimension score in PSQI （r=0.232， P=0.009）， and the sleep-hygiene habit score was positively correlated with PSQI score， the dimension scores of sleep latency， sleep quality， sleep duration， use of sleeping medication and daytime dysfunction （r=0.188~0.362， P<0.05 or 0.01）. Regression analysis showed that sleep-hygiene habit was the influencing factor of sleep quality （P<0.01）. ConclusionThe sleep quality among adult residents in urban areas of Mianyang needs to be improved， moreover， sleep-hygiene habit is a key factor affecting sleep quality.

Daily physical activity, human development index and insomnia in a representative sample of Brazilian adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although there is a growing body of research pointing towards the need to investigate how different movement behaviors, such as physical activity and sleep, influence each other, the joint relationship between these factors and insomnia has been little explored among adolescents in developing countries. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between daily physical activity and insomnia in a national sample of Brazilian adolescents, according to the Human Development Index (HDI) of each Brazilian region. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Cross-sectional study on 102,072 Brazilian students aged 11 to 19 years, selected from all regions of the country. METHODS: Information on insomnia and physical activity was self-reported by adolescents. RESULTS: Our analyses revealed that girls who accumulated at least 60 minutes/day of physical activity on up to three days/week were less prone to present insomnia. This pattern of association was maintained only for those who lived in high HDI regions (odds ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.99). For boys, there was a positive association between the number of active days and protection against insomnia, especially for those who lived in high HDI regions. CONCLUSION: Even amounts of physical activity that were lower than the weekly guidelines, were associated with better sleep quality for Brazilian adolescents, especially girls, and even for those who lived in regions with greater social and economic vulnerability.

Hábitos y trastornos de sueño en población pediátrica: un problema de salud pública / Sleep habits and disorders in a pediatric population: a public health problem

INTRODUCCIÓN: El buen dormir está ligado a un normal neurodesarrollo, el deterioro de esta función vital disminuye la calidad de vida de quien la padece y su familia, además conlleva consecuencias neurocognitivas negativas en la consolidación de la memoria y capacidad de atención durante la vigilia. MÉTODO: Se realiza un estudio transversal y descriptivo, con el fin de caracterizar los hábitos y trastornos de sueño en un grupo de preescolares y adolescentes chilenos. Se entrega el cuestionario de sueño pediátrico Chervin modificado a padres y/o apoderados de alumnos de 3 colegios de Santiago (establecimientos de tipo privado, subvencionado y municipal) de forma aleatoria en los diferentes niveles. RESULTADOS: Muestra total 308 estudiantes, 159 hombres y 149 mujeres. Rango etario de 3 a 18 años. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: El promedio de horas de sueño de 9 horas en preescolares y escolares y 7,5 horas en adolescentes. 19% presenta dificultad para conciliar el sueño y 85% de estos tiene latencia mayor a 30 minutos. 6% despierta más de dos veces en la noche teniendo problemas para volver a dormir. 34% consume bebidas estimulantes y 13% duerme siesta. En relación a trastornos del sueño se encontró ronquido 30%, 2% tiene sospecha de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño. 32% síntomas de piernas inquietas, 25% bruxismo, 6% enuresis, 12% sonambulismo, 10% pesadillas, 44% somniloquia, 26% síntomas de insomnio, 18% somnolencia diurna y 2% sospecha de narcolepsia. Antecedente familiar de trastornos del sueño 5%. 12% de los niños tiene obesidad, 7% trastorno por déficit atencional (4% recibe psicoestimulantes). Además 5% declara trastornos emocionales asociados al mal dormir. DISCUSIÓN: Los hábitos y trastornos de sueño han sido poco estudiados en nuestro medio. Este trabajo evidencia la alta prevalencia de los mismos, constituyendo un problema de salud pública que no ha sido abordado. Es perentorio educar sobre higiene del sueño y buscar activamente alteraciones del sueño en los controles médicos habituales para así evitar los nocivos efectos que el mal dormir genera en los niños y adolescentes. Palabras claves: hábitos de sueño, trastornos de sueño, sueño pediátrico, higiene de sueño, encuesta de sueño.

INTRODUCTION: Good sleep is bound to normal neurodevelopment. The deterioration of this vital function decreases the quality of life of the one who suffers it and his family. It also brings negative neurocognitive consequences in the consolidation of memory and attention span during wakefulness. METHOD: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out in order to characterize sleep habits and disorders in a group of Chilean preschoolers, schoolchildren and adolescents. The modified Chervin pediatric sleep questionnaire was given to parents and/or guardians of students from three schools in Santiago (private, subsidized and municipal establishments) randomly and at different levels. RESULTS: The total sample included the reception and analysis of 308 surveys (159 men, 149 women), between 3 to 18 years old. The following results were obtained: Average sleep time was 9 hours in preschool and schoolchildren and it was 7.5 hours in adolescents. 19% of all children have difficulty falling asleep, and in 85% of these, sleep latency is greater than 30 minutes. Bedtime: 9:00 pm for preschool and schoolchildren, 11:00 pm for adolescents, while of the total sample 6% wake up more than 2 times each night, 34% consume stimulant drinks, and 13% take a nap. Sleep disorders: 30% snoring, 2% suspect SAHOS, 32% restless legs, 25% bruxism, 6% bedwetting, 12% sleepwalking, 10% nightmares, 44% sleepiness, 26% insomnia, 18% daytime sleepiness and 2% suspected narcolepsy and 9% family sleep disorders. In addition, 12% have obesity, 7% attention deficit disorder (4% use psychostimulant medications). Finally, 5% declare emotional disorders associated with bad sleep. CONCLUSION: Sleep habits and disorders have been scarcely studied. This work shows their high prevalence, constituting a public health problem that has not been addressed. It is imperative to educate about sleep hygiene and actively seek sleep alterations in regular pediatric check-ups in order to avoid the harmful effects that bad sleep generates in children and adolescents.Keywords: Sleep habits, sleep disorders, schoolchildren sleep, sleep hygiene, sleep questionnaire.

Association between Sleep Habits and Problems and Internet Addiction in Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between sleep habits and problems and Internet addiction in adolescents. METHODS: Junior high school students from a local town in Japan (n=853; male/female, 425/428) were the subjects of this study, and were assessed for severity of Internet addiction and sleep habits and problems using the self-reported version of the Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Child and Adolescent Sleep Checklist (CASC). RESULTS: The wake time on weekdays was not significantly different among the three groups; addicted, possibly-addicted, and non-addicted. In the addicted group, the total night sleep time was significantly shorter, and the bedtime was significantly delayed on both weekdays and weekends compared with those in the possibly-addicted and non-addicted groups. The wake time of the addicted group was significantly later than that of the other groups. The total scores of sleep problems measured by the CASC were significantly higher in the addicted and possibly-addicted groups than in the non-addicted group. CONCLUSION: Internet addiction is strongly associated with sleep habits and problems in adolescents. These findings suggest that internet addiction should be considered while examining adolescent lifestyle.

Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire - Infant Version / Questionário de Hábitos de Sono das Crianças - Versão de Neonatos

Abstract Objectives This study proposed a version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire for infants under 12 months (CSHQ-I). Methods The sample was comprised of 299 infants, aged between 2 weeks and 12 months. Results Exploratory factor analysis revealed four subscales: Bedtime Resistance, Sleep Anxiety, Positive Sleep Habits, and Daytime Sleepiness. The CSHQ-I total scale presented good test-retest reliability and internal consistency. The CSHQ-I also showed good concurrent validity, with significant associations found between the CSHQ-I total scale and subscales and a measure of infant sleep-wake behaviors. Conclusions The present study suggested the CSHQ-I as a reliable instrument to assess sleep problems in infants during the first year of life.

Resumo Objetivos Este estudo propôs uma versão do Questionário de Hábitos de Sono das Crianças para bebés com menos de 12 meses (CSHQ-I). Métodos Amostra composta de 299 bebés, entre duas semanas e 12 meses. Resultados A análise fatorial exploratória revelou quatros subescalas: resistência a ir para a cama, ansiedade do sono, hábitos de sono positivos e sonolência diurna. A escala completa do CSHQ-I apresentou boa confiabilidade teste-reteste e consistência interna. O CSHQ-I também mostrou boa validade concorrente, com associações significativas encontradas entre a escala completa e subescalas do CSHQ-I e uma medida de comportamentos de sono-vigília dos bebés. Conclusões O presente estudo sugeriu o CSHQ-I como um instrumento confiável para avaliar os problemas de sono em bebés durante o primeiro ano de vida.

Prejuízos nutricionais e distúrbios no padrão de sono de trabalhadores da Enfermagem / Nutritional damages and disturbances in the sleep pattern of nursing workers / Prejuicios nutricionales y alteraciones en los patrones de sueño de los trabajadores de Enfermería

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão integrativa das publicações científicas da última década, que investigaram os hábitos de sono, a ingestão alimentar e o estado nutricional de profissionais de enfermagem. Foram analisados artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais no período de 2002 a 2014, disponibilizados na base de dados PubMed/MEDLINE (USA National Library of Medicine), Lilacs / SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online) e Google Acadêmico. Trinta e um artigos preencheram os critérios estabelecidos. Na análise destes estudos foi identificada elevada prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade, além de uma modificação negativa nos hábitos alimentares, bem como prejuízos na dinâmica do sono dos profissionais da área de enfermagem.

This article presents an integrative review of national and international scientific publications that investigate the sleep habits, the feed intake and nutritional status of nursing professionals. It was analyzed articles published in national and international journals in the period 2002 to 2014 and made available in the database PubMed / MEDLINE (USA National Library of Medicine), Lilacs / SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online) and Google Scholar. Thirty one articles met the criteria. In the analysis of these studies it has been found a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, a negative change in the eating habits, as well as losses in the sleep patterns of nursing professionals.

En este artículo se presenta una revisión integradora de las publicaciones científicas nacionales e internacionales que investigan los hábitos de sueño, el consumo de alimento y el estado nutricional de los profesionales de enfermería. Se analizaron los artículos publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales en el período de 2002 a 2014, disponibles en la base de datos PubMed / MEDLINE (USA Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina), Lilacs / SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online) y Google Scholar. Treinta y uno artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. En el análisis de estos estudios se encontró una alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, un cambio negativo en los hábitos alimenticios, así como prejuicios en la dinámica del sueño de los profesionales de enfermería.

Somnolencia y características del sueño en escolares de un distrito urbano de Lima, Perú / Sleepiness and sleep characteristics in students from an urban district of Lima, Peru

Introducción. La somnolencia en escolares repercute en el aprendizaje, la concentración y la memoria. La causa de la somnolencia es multifactorial. Por ello, nuestro objetivo fue calcular la frecuencia de somnolencia en escolares peruanos y evaluar su asociación con hábitos de vida y sueño. Métodos. Estudio transversal en alumnos de primero a quinto año de educación secundaria, en el que se aplicó la versión en español de la escala pediátrica de somnolencia diurna (de 0 a 32 puntos) y se indagó sobre características del sueño, demográficas y hábitos nocivos, entre otras. Se consideró como excesiva somnolencia si el puntaje fue > 20 puntos, y se evaluó su asociación empleando odds ratios crudos y ajustados. Resultados. Se incluyó a 586 estudiantes en el estudio; la escala pediátrica de somnolencia diurna tuvo un puntaje promedio de 13,0 ± 5,5; el 11,9% tuvo excesiva somnolencia. Fumar estuvo asociado a somnolencia excesiva, con un OR ajustado de 6,9 (IC 95: 2,9-17,0); consumir alcohol tuvo un OR de 4 (IC 95: 1,5-10,5), y practicar deportes, de 0,5 (IC 95: 0,3-0,9). Del mismo modo, tener una mala calidad de sueño (OR: 5,4; IC 95: 3,1-9,5) y demorar más de 60 min en dormir (OR: 2,5; IC 95: 1,1-6,0) se asociaron a una mayor probabilidad de tener somnolencia. Conclusión. La somnolencia está presente en el 12% de la población estudiada y es menor de lo descrito en estudios en otras poblaciones. La excesiva somnolencia se asocia con el hábito de fumar y con el consumo frecuente de alcohol, con menores actividades deportivas y con malos hábitos de sueño.

Introduction. Sleepiness in students has an impact on their learning, focus and memory. Sleepiness is causedby multiple factors. Therefore, our objective was to estimate the frequency of sleepiness in Peruvian students and assess its relation to lifestyle and sleep habits. Methods. Cross-sectional study conducted on first through fifth year secondary students. The Spanish version of the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (0 to 32 points) was administered and sleep and demographic characteristics and harmful habits, among others were investigated. Excessive sleepiness was considered as a score higher than 20 points, and its association was assessed using raw and adjusted odds ratios. Results. The study included 586 students; the average score in the pediatric daytime sleepiness scale was 13.0 ± 5.5; 11.9% of students had excessive sleepiness. Smoking was associated with excessive sleepiness, with an adjusted OR of 6.9 (95% CI: 2.9-17.0); alcohol consumption showed an OR of 4 (95% CI: 1.5-10.5), and practicing sports showed an OR of 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3-0.9). Likewise, having a bad sleep quality (OR: 5.4; 95% CI: 3.1-9.5) and taking more than 60 minutes to fall asleep (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.16.0) were associated with a higher probability of having sleepiness. Conclusion. Sleepiness was observed in 12% of the studied population, and was found to be lower than the rates described in studies with different populations. Excessive sleepiness is associated with smoking and frequent alcohol consumption, a lower level of sports practice, and bad sleep habits.

Sleep habits and complaints of adults in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1987 and 1995

This study compares the prevalence of complaints of insomnia, excessive diurnal sleepiness, parasomnias, and sleep habits of the adult population in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, estimated in surveys carried out in 1987 and 1995. Representative samples of 1000 adult residents per survey were interviewed using a validated structured sleep questionnaire, the "UNIFESP Sleep Questionnaire". Difficulty maintaining sleep, difficulty initiating sleep and early morning awakening, occurring at least three times a week, were reported in 1987 and 1995, by 15.8/27.6, 13.9/19.1, and 10.6/14.2 percent of the interviewees, respectively, significantly increasing throughout time. These sleep problems were more often found among women. Frequencies of excessive diurnal sleepiness and sleep attacks were unchanged comparing 1987 with 1995 (4.5 vs 3.8 and 3.1 vs 3.0 percent, respectively). Parasomnia complaints remained unchanged, with the exception of leg cramps, which doubled in prevalence from 1987 to 1995 (2.6 to 5.8 percent). Snoring was the most common parasomnia (21.5 percent in 1995), reported more often by men than by women, and somnambulism was the least common (approximately 1 percent). Besides sleeping slightly less, interviewees went to bed and woke up later in 1995. Approximately 12 percent of the subjects in both surveys had consulted a physician due to sleep problems and 3.0 percent reported habitual use of sleep-promoting substances in 1995. Overall, there was a significant increase in insomnia complaints from 1987 to 1995 in the general population of the city of São Paulo. This major change over a little under a decade should be considered as an important public health issue.

Validação para língua portuguesa de duas escalas para avaliação de hábitos e qualidade de sono em crianças / Language validation of two scales to evaluate sleep quality in children

OBJETIVO: Apresentar a validação para língua portuguesa das escalas de avaliação do sono: "Inventário dos hábitos de sono para crianças pré-escolares" e "Questionário sobre o comportamento do sono". MÉTODOS: Inicialmente as escalas foram traduzidas para português, após receberam tradução reversa, em reunião de consenso foi avaliada a melhor versão. As escalas foram aplicadas em dois grupos de crianças (controle e com epilepsia). Os pacientes com epilepsia foram estratificados pela gravidade através da classificação de Engel. Os escores obtidos foram comparados entre si e relacionados com a gravidade da epilepsia. RESULTADOS: A escala "Inventário dos hábitos de sono para crianças pré-escolares" evidenciou maior incidência de alterações na rotina da hora de dormir, na ritmicidade do sono e de separação dos pais no grupo com epilepsia refratária. Crianças com epilepsia controlada apresentaram hábitos do sono mais saudáveis (p < 0,05). A aplicação do "Questionário sobre o comportamento do sono" evidenciou alterações na qualidade do sono no grupo com epilepsia (p < 0,001). Quanto maior a refratariedade da epilepsia pior a qualidade do sono (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Disponibilizamos através da validação para língua portuguesa questionários para avaliação de distúrbios do sono na infância. A aplicação destes questionários demonstrou a influência exercida pela epilepsia com crises não controladas na qualidade do sono.

OBJECTIVE: Validation to Portuguese of the questionaries: Sleep Habits Inventory for Preschool Children and Sleep Behavior Questionaire. METHODS: The English version of the questionnaires was translated and back translated independently by two professionals, after that the best version was choose. The Portuguese version was applied in two groups of children: patients with epilepsy and a control group. Patients with epilepsy were classified according to Engel score. Results obtained on both groups were related to epilepsy refractoriness. RESULTS: Sleep Habits Inventory for Preschool Children applied in children between 2-6 years of age showed that patients with refractory epilepsy have a major incidence of disorders in the sleep rhythm and routines. Furthermore, they also have more problems to be separated from parents. Children with well controlled epilepsy have more incidence of health sleep habits (p < 0,05). The score of Sleep Behavior Questionnaire applied in children between 7-14 years of age showed significant difference among children with epilepsy (47,52 ± 10,9) and controls (30,52 ± 3,75) (p < 0,001). Refractory epilepsies related with worse sleep quality (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Two questionnaires that evaluate sleep habits were translated and validated to be used in Portuguese. Application of these questionnaires in controls and in children with epilepsy showed that uncontrolled epilepsy influences quality of sleep.

Personality Dimensions of Eysenck and Their Relations with Sleep Characteristics / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: In order to evaluate the possible relationship between sleep and personality characteristics, it is desirable to adopt the personality theory with biological basis because sleep is a physiological phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to investigate their possible relationship using the personality dimensions of Eysenck, which is well known as a biological personality theory. METHODS: Sleep Questionnaires regarding the weekday sleep habits and the sleep disorders and Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire were administered to 532 university students. Data analysis was based on 509 students who gave reliable information. Firstly, the descriptive statistics of the scores on four personality dimensions(psychoticism, neuroticism, extraversion, lie)and sleep characteristics were obtained. Secondly, the possible relationships between each personality dimension and sleep characteristics (the weekday sleep habits and sleep disorders)were tested by calculating Pearson's product moment correlations. RESULTS: The four personality dimensions' scores and weekday sleep habits of subjects were within a normal range. The highest frequency of sleep disorder was induction difficulty of sleep and the lowest was sleep walking. Psychoticism was positively correlated with bedtime, rise time, sleep latency, number of awakening, regularity of sleep, frequency and duration of nap and doze, frequency of sleep disorders, while negatively correlated with the quality of sleep, and the score of circadian rhythm. The correlations between neuroticism and sleep characteristics were similar to those of psychoticism. Extraversion was positively correlated with the quality of sleep and the score of circadian rhythm, while not correlated with sleep disorders. Lie was positively correlated with the score of circadian rhythm, but negatively correlated with sleep latency, regularity of sleep, frequency and duration of nap and doze, and sleep disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The higher psychoticism and neuroticism, the poorer sleep habits and the higher frequency of sleep disorders. The higher extraversion, the better quality of sleep and the closer morningness. The higher lie, the closer morningness, the more regularity of sleep, the less sleepiness of daytime, and the less frequency of sleep disorders. These findings suggest that there exist the close relationships between Eysenck's personality dimensions and sleep characteristics.

The Sleep Habits of Children 4 to 12 Years Old in Guangdong / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To understand the sleep duration, sleep habits, the prevalence rate of sleep problem and its related factors on the children range from 4 to 12 years old. Methods:The parents of 727 children range from 4 to 12 years old were asked to answer The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and the general information forms, which were used to rate their children.Results:The average sleep time on bed of the children was 9.6?0.9 hours, with no difference between males and females. The total scores of CSHQ were 36.8?13.6, and the prevalence of sleep problem was 31.0%. The total scores of CSHQ among 4-6 years old group, 7-9 years old group and 10-12 years old group were significant different (42.4?14.1?34.9?12?31.8?12, respectively ;P